What is an air reflection in GPR data?

Sometimes, something known as air reflections will appear in your GPR data. What is it? And how can you differentiate…

How can I do a velocity calibration for my GPR investigation?

Velocity calibration of GPR data can be carried out in several different ways; to use the depth to a known…

How to locate underground utilities

Utilities, or buried infrastructure, are located with a range of different methods. The most used methods are EML (Electromagnetic Locators, passive or…

What is a depth slice?

A depth slice is a horizontal slice through a 3D volume of geophysical data. A depth slice is often created when geophysical data is…

What is the dielectric constant and why it matters to GPR?

The dielectric constant (also called relative dielectric permittivity, RDP) is a measure of the ability for a material to store…

What is a trace?

A trace (also called ‘A-scan’, ‘1D measurement’, ‘GPR point reading’) consists of a sequence of samples collected from a single GPR data channel showing the time variation of signal amplitude.  …

What is the difference between refraction and reflection seismics?

Two big differences between refraction and reflection survey are, firstly, which part of the seismic motion we focus on and,…

What energy sources can I use for my seismic investigation?

Depending on your application and target depth, the energy source for a seismic investigation will differ. The most common seismic…

What is a time window and two-way travel time?

In a GPR system the time window is defined as the time the receiver antenna (Rx) listens to, and records,…

Can I do resistivity measurements in a borehole?

Yes, you can carry out resistivity measurements in boreholes and you can do it in more than one way: logging…